Congratulatory Speech In Hindi

"L" Anniversary Brotherhood of Juárez Ejido. Municipality of Armeria, Colima

Remarks by Miguel Chavez Miguel
Brotherhood of Juárez, Col. December 10, 2010.

Honourable presidium members of special guests

Distinguished Members of the farming community Ladies and gentlemen

Friends All

Proud of our past, convinced of the generosity of our vocation agrarian and confidence in the future of this fertile agricultural area where we learned from our elders to fight for better welfare arenas, here and now, on the fiftieth anniversary of the creation of the Brotherhood of Juárez Ejido, with respect fulfilled , are my words, a badge of honor, for workers in the groove and plow, men and women who, with no farming implements their machetes and hoes, with effort and perseverance, we were given land and freedom.

Thereupon to express my gratitude for the use of voice, let me share a brief overview of our immediate past, which I dedicate to the tenacity and dedication of the new generations of young farmers Brotherhood of Juárez and the City Armory. My friends

.

During the English conquest, here flourished and soon succumbed Tequepa pre-Hispanic communities, and Xicot Coatán that at the beginning of the colony, were part of the province of Tepetitango. In these cultures, only preserved the rich offerings of pottery taken from its soil, the archaeologists periods classified as "Armory" (850 - 1250) and complex "Periquillo" (1250 - 1521), relating to the first, with the culture " Toltec "and the second, with" Mexico. "

accomplished the English occupation, the banks of the river then Nahualapa, crops, possessions and dominions, on behalf of the king, were granted in encomienda to the conquerors Juan de Iniestra (Tequepa), Alfonso Martín Trejo (Coates) and Diego Garrido (Xicot). During the eighteenth century, land that later would form the large estate known as Paso del Rio or Periquillo belonged to Don Jose Borrego.

acquired in 1778 the Conde de Regla Don Pedro Romero de Terreros and inherited his death, the Marquesa de Herrera, Doña María Romero de Terreros. 7 houses thatched with the same number of families, a corral and barn Periquillo made up the ranch that served as nuclear center of the domain. The vast land, at that time, according to the will of Don José Borrego, were considered unhealthy and were due to the small population and low productivity.

Between 1831 and 1838, the manor was split in favor of the main tenants, who bought some extensions. Thus, Jose Francisco Campos Cosio acquired pastures of San Bartolo and Santa Rosa, Santa Inés Tomás Quiroz bought the property and Martín Alonso. The Plains of San Bartolo and became the property Texcaltitán Anastasia Ahumada. Subsequently, by the first sale recorded August 1862 Inclán Petronilo retrieves all properties sold in the past, encourages the production of coconut palms and extensive livestock production.

In 1865, Don Ignacio Lagos and Juan Fermín Huarte, bought the vast domains Periquillo or Paso del Rio. Both owners, new investments for the production of sugar, coffee, rice, coconut palm, as well as the exploitation of livestock. To this end, they built new homes, warehouses, a new barn and corral with a road linking the property with Armory. Farm workers, including laborers, laborers and cowboys increased to 70 people.

including plantations, farms, facilities and to the workers, as set forth in writing, in 1870, General Ángel Martínez acquires the property. With a new vision, they built roads leading to the various ranches, expanded the main house with a company store, administrative offices and a courtyard for operations. Started new investments in irrigation works, were incorporated into pastures and uncultivated lands were extended crop land devoted to coconut palm, sugar cane, snuff, corn, beans and rice.

Thus, the all-powerful General Angel Diaz Martinez, master, master of Paso del Rio, became successful Senator and actor par excellence of the agricultural development of the hacienda. His wealth was only comparable with that of Governor Francisco Santa Cruz Escobar, landowner Cuyutlán Finance.

In the early twentieth century, General Martínez, by Jorge M. Emrick, offered to sell the property to Dr. Albert J. Ochsner, a wealthy merchant and financial lives in the city of Chicago. To this end, it was the "Industrial Company of Paso del Rio, whose creation protocol was legalized in June 1902. Faced with the unexpected death of General Martinez, until April 18, 1908, concluded the reception of the Scriptures and full possession of 30.401 hectares of the domain incorporated in fractions, including the Camichines, Coates, Cualatilla, Foundry, Texcaltitlán, the Tecuan, the palm, Mangal, the Cañita, San Bartolo, Martín Alonso, the scale, the Casco, Santa Rosa and Santa Inés Periquillo.

For administration and operation, since 1902, were recruited by Dr. Ochsner, Gherzi Stephano Italian immigrants, Antonioti Santiago, Reynaldo Gualino, Octavio Machette, Albino coppy and Eugenio Bellido. In this vein, coppy, was named Butler; Gualino, head of cattle, Machette, sometimes served as general foreman and Gherzi since then figured as administrator of the estate. For its part, Anastasio Ochoa, Andrés González, Eugenio Spirit and Romualdo Aguilar, exercised the role of intermediaries between the Italians and workers.

With new plantings and innovative forms of agribusiness organization, plus the support he received from the U.S. embassy as well as good relations with federal, state and municipal levels, with a scheme of social partnership, with the letterhead of a company commercial in a few years, Don Stephano Gherzi, transformed the estate into one of the most prosperous and productive in the west of the republic.

1909, had palms 7.000 coconut production and 4 000 Zebu cattle of excellent quality, making the property through the port of Manzanillo, in the first, in the state, such as coco oil exports, better known by the name "kayak." In 1912, having reached the goal of planting, only in that year, ten thousand new coconut palms, a stimulus to its high productivity and substantial benefits to the economy of Colima, Governor J. Trinidad Alamillo, granted Mr. Gherzi an award for the amount of ten thousand dollars.

During the Revolution, Colima, it was the scene of major clashes between the revolutionary groups, most however, triumphs and defeats, of one or other group registered in other states, here, only in politics, had an impact that shook the population, particularly for sudden changes of several state governors, to be exact, were 19, only from 1910 to 1920.

Instead, farmers, ranchers and farmers, backed by their economic power, quickly adapted to new scenarios characterized by intimidation, the cam, and sporadic acts of banditry fueled by Villa's bandits who called themselves or Huerta. Therefore, in exchange for financial support, farmers received protection of fragile-affiliated governors Diaz, Madero, Huerta and constitutionalists.

instability of the time, in no way affected the productivity of the Hacienda Paso del Rio. Example, in 1916, in the throes of constitutionalism, workers amounted to 450 people. Periquillo, its main population center was located near the residence of Mr. Gherzi. In addition, there were a grocery store best known as the "company store" nixtamal mill, dairy, a small slaughter of cattle and pigs, there was a rural school and every head of household had a housing palms and reeds. The stewards and foremen, inside the big house, had their homes with surface water and tile roofs.

Among the most trusted workers stressed Hipolito Mendez, Rosendo Castillo, Basilio Palafox, Antonio Tene, Francisco Medina, Juan Merino, Eugenio Rojas, Cleophas Garcia, Ruperto Sanchez, Alfonso Mendez, Miguel Bustos and Macedonian Mejía.

To evade land distribution, between 1922 and 1923, with economic resources Paso del Rio, built a stone bridge over the River Armory, that united the Tecomán way to Manzanillo. In 1927 he built a beautiful building for primary school Periquillo that they named him Dr. Albert J. Ochsner and in 1934 donated 400 acres to the legal estate Tecomán and gave 500 acres of the property for the establishment of an Agricultural Elementary School for children of farmers.

This campus, where he graduated two generations of rural teachers, while the school building was built next to the "Station Tecomán" tentatively began operations on November 16, 1935 in a warehouse that was located the "flag station" known "La Scale". Incidentally, this internship is the history of what was the School of Agriculture at the University of Colima and the current Atequiza Normal School, Jalisco. After the motion

Christer, and the proliferation of groups seeking land in the estate of Paso del Rio, simulated reflected a climate of peace, but there were differences and hostilities that could not hide, because, every day, it intensified complaints of their workers , laborers, wage and salary earners, who, with no apparent conflicts with Mr. Gherzi, were unhappy with the authoritarian and ill-treatment they received from the overseers. Their discontent was focused on the harmful wages, excessive working hours, their low wages and rising indebtedness to the company store.

Between 1930 and 1940, at the height of agrarianism, by presidential order he were segregated to Hacienda Paso del Rio Terrero acres of suburbs to form the Independence and Periquillo. Gherzi complaints were immediate, but could not stop the final allocations.

In this new context, Stephano Gherzi, convinced the heirs of Dr. Dr. Albert J. Ochsner, to formalize a "plot of land Occidental Paso del Rio and Periquillo" Thus, by alleged sales to individuals, showed that the property was dismembered, but all were prestanombres. With this device, as well as consolidated as the "sole lord and master" of property, managed to convince the authorities to the the early 1940, granted Mexican citizenship and to issue certificates of inalienability agricultural. According

notarial, the alleged owners of the lands of the hacienda were Benito Rodriguez, Manuel Aguayo, Luis Javier Cruz, Jesús López Galindo, Donaciano Cruz, Alberto Orendain, Leobardo Lopez Castillo, Amparo Cruz, Joseph Mendez Ochoa, Celia Lopez de Castillo, Beatriz Cruz, the same Stephano Gherzi, Emiliano Orozco, Carlos Orozco, Mercedes Espinosa, Martha Emilia Gherzi, Ramiro Ramírez Tan, Angel Medina, Carlos García Méndez, Andrea Cruz, Amalia Rincon, Bartolo Alcaraz and Leoncio Medina Ortega.

In contrast to the new fallacies landowners, land seekers groups hardened their strategies, they confirmed the polarization of interests in land. In fact, since 1940, began a phased stage illegal invasion on the grounds, inter alia, of Periquillo, the Cañita, kitchenette and Texcaltitán. All of them were attacked and evicted. Even the White Guards in the service of landlord they destroyed their crops and burning the huts of the invaders. People who worked on the farm were fired from your job source.

parallel, following the legal channels, in the 1950's, joined the following land groups of applicants:

1. "Adolfo Ruiz Cortínez" represented by Salvador Bravo Chavez, Agapito Cortés Macías, Conrado Cortes Macías, Manuel R. Messina and Primitive Muraña Valencia.

2. "Dr. Miguel Galindo," Manuel Messina Muraña led by José María Alcaraz and Francisco Flores Alcalá.

3. "Brotherhood of Juarez", led by Gregorio Sánchez Figueroa, Jesus Silva Ortega and José García Díaz.

4. "Venustiano Carranza", directed by Guadalupe Ramírez Morán, Guadalupe Padilla Gutierrez and Ramon Lomeli Chavez.

5. "Major General Emiliano Zapata ", led by Pedro Rivera Camarena, Miguel Hernandez and Pedro Parra Leal Pilgrim.

6." Professor Gregorio Torres Quintero ", coordinated by Eliseo Barajas Rivera, Isabel and Basil Venegas Gonzalez Murillo, and

7." General Lázaro Cárdenas del Río ", represented by Onofre Ramos Ceballos, Erasmo Mercado and Doroteo Hernández García González;

Given the constant mobilization of the peasants were gradually permeating the consciousness of society Colima and the local political elite, during the administration of Architect Engineer Rodolfo Chavez Carrillo, was raised in the local and national media, the published various manifestos of support for the cause agrarian.

Thus, during the presidential campaign of Mr. Adolfo Lopez Mateos, 10 March 1958, at a rally verified at the port of Manzanillo, the then Federal Deputy Roberto Pizano Saucedo, from the podium, raised his voice against the existence of large estates, Paso del Rio and demanded a thorough investigation. In this spirited indictment, joined with all their might, also a federal deputy and at that time Colonel candidate Senator Salazar Antonio Salazar.

With this background, on 27 March of that year began the relevant records, which was published in the Official Gazette of Gazette on 6 June and in the Official Gazette of the State Government, dated August 16, 1958.

Once the investigation that revealed that Paso del Rio had 18, 502 hectares, at President Adolfo Lopez Mateos, December 6, 1960 was published the decree that established the cancellation of concessions that inalienability enjoyed the "Occidental plot of land in Paso del Rio, nullifying the effect, the existence of the apocryphal corporation and the titles of the alleged owners.

The next day, December 7, 1960, was published in the Official Journal of the Federation, the presidential order that took shape by creating a "Confraternity of Juárez Ejido and its annexes." On 10 December of the same, demanding the immediate delivery, a large group of beneficiaries with the presidential order takes possession of the premises known as the "El Molino".

In May 1961 began the delivery of land, this process concluded on March 4, 1962, when it was established the "Company Credit Local Collective Ejido, Ejido Agriculture and Livestock of the Brotherhood of Juarez Annexes, with the following officials: President, Práxedis Durán Hernández, Registrar, Octavio Robles Sierra, Treasurer, Gregorio Lopez Valdovinos and Chairman of the Supervisory Board José Rodríguez Rosas.

On presidential instructions, the Manager of Rural Bank C. Salvador Díaz Muñoz, commissioned Mr. Carlos Recordon Ojeda to develop the proposed development of the new population center Brotherhood of Juárez. In the same year, President Adolfo Lopez Mateos showed up in this place to personally deliver the titles of the lots and symbolically the allocation units.

With this, it began a period of legal discord between ejidatarios and authorities. The disagreements were generated by the differences between skilled 2.051 watched the presidential order and provisioning 1.724 units initially recognized. This conflict came to the Supreme Court's Office and led to new surveys, new debugging and the creation of the ejido credit societies numbers fifteen and sixteen.

Since its foundation, coordinated the efforts of the agricultural community, in chronological order, have been ejido: Práxedis Durán Hernández, José Rodríguez Rosas, J. Refugio Mendoza Farias, Jose Negrete Sanchez, Fidel Rodriguez Trejo, Antonio Barajas Martinez J. Jesus Arreola George, Luis López Rodríguez, Celedonio Alvarez Torres, J. Jesus Maldonado Rebolledo, Alfredo Magaña, Antonio Sánchez West, Munguia Felipe Rivera, Rafael Ruelas and current García, Pedro López Fuentes. For all our public recognition and abiding gratitude.

Cualatilla Among the fellow who also championed the cause, I remember with affection to my dear friends Sabalza and José Ramiro Carrillo. Friends

all.

Brotherhood of Juarez has a history. The land distribution was not easy. His memories, perhaps the distance, now, for some, pretentious attitudes can articulate, petulant or arrogant, but in the collective consciousness of our ancestors, still present the years of deprivation, misunderstanding and repression. No regrets, Let us not forget!, The struggle for land and better stadiums welfare was not easy, then so, in homage to our ancestors, to new generations corresponds with greater tenacity, make the land produce and add value to farm products.

Today, there are other times and other problems, but also other circumstances and other solutions. With new forms of organization, innovative technologies and efficient marketing strategies, I am convinced that Brotherhood of Juarez will succeed.

Forward, my friends. Brotherhood of Juarez is yours and your sons. Congratulations and congratulations.

for your attention. Thank you very much.

chavezmichel@hotmail.com

Working Chewbacca Mask

the "strings" of the Revolution as it passes through Armory

Chapter One of "Chronicles of the Revolution in Colima." Edition of the Ministry of Culture of the State Government. Collaborative work of the ten official chronicler of the Municipalities of the State of Colima. Is in press and will be presented in the second half of November 2010. Miguel Chavez Michel



One of the meanings that the dictionary of the Royal Academy of English Language gives the word "string" is: "all prisoners tied together." Since ancient times, was a humiliating practice for the transport of slaves or prisoners. Little did then, the statements of human rights, and further, the current human rights. Were times in which the procedures for submission to the established order - or rather to power, had to do with violence, toughness, energy and, of course, to torture in its various applications.

It is no stranger to using "strings" were carried to the prison's most dangerous prisoners or those who, for political reasons signified the imminence of political displacement. The danger of a detainee had to do only with physical violence, considered the most common characteristic of the worst criminals. The recklessness of a prisoner could also be measured because of their popularity and their followers. So the Inquisition sought in ancient times more cruel torture as an instrument of confession infallible. And the inquisitors - almost always wearing clerical garb, "ordered the submission of the accused no less than in long" strings "to put before him and judge the severity of those who fear the growth of" weeds "social. But "rope" was a means to an end. And now we have to refer to it in that vein.

Indeed, during the colonial period, arguing for control, to the extent possible banditry and what they considered a pest of highway robbers in 1719, created the "Agreed Court," which worked until 1813, where, "In addition to beatings, forced labor, imprisonment and death, the most dangerous were sentenced to death by hanging or by ropes, the prisoners were sent to Cuba, Florida and the Philippines."

In independent Mexico, by Act of April 2, 1835, to prevent the escape of prisoners, is regulated the conduct of "string of inmates to prison for." In addition, during the rule of General Porfirio Díaz Mori, June 10, 1898 amended Article 5 of the 1857 Constitution, which "were added restrictions on the freedom of labor, establishing the possibility of compulsory and penalties imposed by the court. So popular were the strings of prisoners to the Yucatan henequen zone or through gangs, forced labor on roads and highways "

in painful" strings "commanded the dictator Porfirio Díaz Mori moved from Sonora and Sinaloa to Yaqui Indians sought to free themselves from exploitative rebel estates roughly. Diaz's response was immediate. Deported in "strings" inhumane and bloody, were taken to the Yucatan to work in the henequen fields where they were decimated mercilessly and as an "example" for future rebels. Therefore: "The deportation of men, women and children without exception Yaqui was the central and southern Mexico, was adopted as policy in 1902-1903. Between 1903 and 1907, Governor Rafael Izabal reported that he had personally reported about two thousand Yaquis. " Then, it is not surprising, that among the most warlike and bloodthirsty troops the revolutionary ranks, were the Yaqui Indians, who joined the armed movement with a desire to take revenge on their tormentors.

In this same side, became famous book Barbarous Mexico ", by American journalist John Kenneth Turner, a reporter for" The American Magazine, which released the horrors of exploitation - slavery, he called it-of thousands of Mayan Indians and Yaquis, as well as Koreans, who captured the "strings" and subjected to inhumane working, were cruelly used in producing haciendas that owned the powerful few southern planters. Turner revealed the world in his book the real Mexico Don Porfirio. Most of these Indians worked on account of "debts" unaffordable and many of them had been brought to the henequen fields as punishment for petty crimes but magnified by the chiefs of the region. Among those powerful Yucatan Mexican slave was counted no less than Don Olegario Molina, who was even governor at the time of Don Porfirio. The vast majority of these poor men had as a form of "recruitment" vile "rope" when prisoners arrived.

Against this national context, we must mention the exception of Colima, where the "strings" at the local level were not very widely used. But remember the obvious fact that being as it is our territory, thanks to the railways, necessary step toward the center of the country or outside it, was the scene of events necessarily so embarrassing and humiliating as the "strings of prisoners" in times of Revolution and even in periods closest.

The train was serving in our state since 1889 with a narrow road that was traveled by the convoy between Manzanillo and Colima. And its class railway was expanded with the opening in December 1908, the wide road that linked to Colima to Guadalajara. By 1908, the railway from the capital the country, ending in the town of Tuxpan, Jalisco. Don Porfirio Díaz send build the remaining part and definitely communicate with the progress Colima inaugurating the new route with a solemn visit involving holidays.

So the train was long, the best means of communication available to us. And that made him also the focus of agriculture, commerce, society and local politics. Suffice it to say that the train had brought news or to or from the center of the country. And it was the natural means of transport they used the "top" and "lower", if we paraphrase the novelist Mariano Azuela.

The broad gauge railway, irrefutable piece of Don Porfirio Diaz, was a lever of regional development. For the construction of the new road, perhaps influenced the mood of the old dictator, Colima he met in 1872, when he was undercover in our state to promote the Plan de la Noria. In those early days, the old leader was still young and had to negotiate the arduous journey from the port of Manzanillo and the state capital in a painful and tiring trip. Again until December 1908 but now become the chief magistrate of the nation and aboard the presidential train modern luxury.

Our state is well connected in the time of the Revolution and as a small territorial entity, we should not easily dismiss the facts that arose, without reaching the extremes of other regions, generate unrest and discontent among the less affluent. Therefore, in this situation, sure, above, that the "strings of prisoners" were not as common as in other regions, possibly because of the deep local regionalism and incontrovertible fact that in Colima was the idea that proverbial All "we are one big family."

However we can not forget the hard claims in this context merited master Colima wrote: Don Manuel Velázquez Andrade, who he describes precisely the "strings" in the following categories:

"... the despotism and arbitrary law was silent, fear and adulation of employees and friends were given 'right and power" to the highest authorities, which made up the governor, the political prefect and the commander of the police.

individual guarantees were a dead letter. The authorities of federal, as the district judge before to protect a complainant, the case consulted with the governor, and if they did not lose their support and friendship, if the governor agreed came the arrest, otherwise denial to the defense, there were no permanent military forces. Periodically, contingent of 20 and 24 battalions, with their parent in Guadalajara, Colima came to protecting any conduct (remittance) or weapons that the Federal Government sent to the states of Sinaloa, Sonora and Baja California, through the port of Manzanillo. Upon returning the troops of carrying out its commitment to its headquarters in Guadalajara, led unexpectedly to a cam or the sending of 'strings' made up of agricultural laborers or farmers accused by local chiefs to be unsavory social elements, undesirable in locality. The "rope" the men were tied to the elbows in the back way and a string of garlic. It was conducted between two rows soldiers who had the same source .... " I can understand

the angry tone of those who, like Velazquez's teacher, lived and suffered the sad spectacle of the "levies" and "strings." And the record, that he, you had to witness these social ills in the middle of the nineteenth century, when such mechanisms were commonplace.
on this topic, Don Ricardo B. Nunez tells us:

".... The cams were in the market place and in the streets - receiving prisoners from the prison itself, or was surprised people in the street after leaving a public spectacle, as they were theatrical performances or the arena of roosters. The policy of the cams and the "strings" era la política ´moralizadora´ y de ´regeneración social´ de un régimen de gobierno sin freno ni responsabilidad ante la ley…”.

A mayor abundamiento, El mismísimo General Ángel Martínez, quien a partir de 1870 se convirtió en el dueño, amo y señor de la “Hacienda de Paso del Río”, cuando iniciaba su carrera militar de triunfos y de gloria, en más de una ocasión, para reponer las bajas habidas en combate, arengaba a sus soldados a “recoger leva”, según su decir,

“…para luchar por la patria. Debe advertirse que eso de ´recoger leva´, era uno de los procedimientos de la época para form the army, which does not mean that all the soldiers were forced, but it is resorted to in dire circumstances like the present ... "And

common thing was, moreover, that all travelers to and from Manzanillo he was bound to step on the lands of the ranch then Armory, located on the banks of the river of the same name and is now the youngest head of the municipalities, but, at that time part of the jurisdiction of Manzanillo.

In the early twentieth century, Armory, with a little more than four people was a rural town that lacked the most basic services, In:

"... 120 homes classified as huts or shacks in the 1900 Census, there were, of a room, where they ate, slept and lived dependent on farm workers and were located, most, about large house, whose back was a large corral and barn, and where they are also warehouses and processing of production from the property. A nearby road joined with Cuyutlán Armory, Tecomán and Manzanillo, like the railroad since 1908 worked on a regular basis between Manzanillo, Colima and Guadalajara ... "

As currently includes the City Armory, since the last third of the nineteenth and early twentieth century, reached its peak production the Haciendas of Armory, Cuyutlán and Paso del Rio. During the Revolution, were owners of the first, and Juana Doña Isaura Vidriales; of the second, Francisco Ramirez Santa Cruz and the third Dr. Albert J. Ochsner, wealthy financier that lived in Chicago and whose assets managed Gherzi Don Stephano.

Don Tomás Guevara Contreras, who bought the coconut oil in the Treasury of the Armory and then resold to manufacturers of coconut oil and soap in the state capital, review, during the Revolution, in this area never recorded a single fight between competing groups. More however, landowners in comment, in more than one occasion, they were forced to provide financial support, primarily to governments related to the usurper Victoriano Huerta.

More than revolutionary quarrels, among the few documented military incursions in the soil, these were raids overwhelmed by passions or revenge, as that committed by Augustine Saucedo at Hacienda Paso del Rio (Periquillo) in the month of June 1914:

"... motivated by the murder of his uncle Don Justo Saucedo, made, together with some of his friends there, go to the ranch Periquillo, place where administrator Gilberto Morales, saying that Saucedo was the individual who had paid a guy named Apollonius Tepames Centeno, that for a certain amount killed his uncle. Among his companions were Francisco Arce, Aurelio Garcia, Ascension Escudero, Ramon Torres, Gumersindo Preciado, Nicolas Martell and Evaristo Rivera. The entire group accompanied Saucedo totaling more than 50 people and they besieged the town on the plantation; penetrated the wooden staircase leading to rooms on the second floor and then to ask Enrique Solórzano Béjar, an employee of the farm , by the person who sought and was told que no se encontraba allí, tras de lo cual procedió a buscar en todas las dependencias de la finca a Gilberto Morales, el cual al darse cuenta que era el buscado salió de la habitación en que dormía, casi desnudo, brincó por una ventana y cayó detrás de un pequeño arbusto en donde fue encontrado y conducido a Tecomán. Allí se le vistió con ropa que no era la de él, se le paseó montado en un burro y se le ató al cuello un cartel escrito con frases malsonantes; llevado a la puerta del panteón fue fusilado y quién dirigió la ejecución fue Agustín Saucedo, de acuerdo a las ordenes de fusilamiento que el mismo Alamillo dictó…”

Con diferente enfoque, for constitutionalism, the same Treasury: "... was the scene of action of the bandit Pancho Villa and Huerta, who made cattle rustling, robberies, production of coconut palm and intimidation of residents. Gherzi always complained of incursions by the bandits on the property, both constitutional authorities and with representatives of U.S. government protection of property of nationals of the neighboring country. Given the frequency of attacks in 1915 Gherzi said the damage amounted to more than 40 000, mainly for theft of livestock, and therefore requested permission to have 20 armed guards and military protection, and demanded the early stabilization of the region to Juan Jose Rios, governor and military commander of the state. Ochsner, from Chicago, also pressured the Mexican authorities, state and federal, to protect the domain, "because of high productivity and benefit the economy of Colima."

In turn, the Treasury Armory: "... The military Agreed, whose members were Francisco Cosio, Andrew Villa, Martín Hernández, Mariano Cervantes, Pedro Rodriguez, Eutimio Hernandez, Silverio Ramirez, Toribio Wonderland, Fermin Torres, Lino Cervantes and Ignacio Bazán, employees Vidriales confidence was April 1920 attacked by a gang of bandits than 20 members, who murdered three members and wounding two others. The uncertainty caused by this confrontation led to the stoppage of the estate in that year, so the owners lost a lot of profits, it could not sell the production of coco and palm oil. Despite the problems, Isaura Vidriales now Núñez widow, managed to extend the activities of Armory from 1923, when he decided to exploit timber, the completion of processing coconut oil and the expansion of the maize crop. To this end, they took out new investments to build establish facilities where machinery for wood processing and the production of coconut oil ... "

Thus, in times of the Revolution, the Armory was our context, especially in the railway station, facts which were marked in the minds of its inhabitants. Now it may sound pretentious, maybe cold, but in those years it was common for residents, including women and children were terrified when they observed the crossing of troops from one side or another revolution.

In this confusing stage of our micro-history, the most common, was observed during transport by Armory, the sad spectacle which caused the passage of "strings of prisoners", and out of Manzanillo to the San Juan de Ulua and the center of the country to the Islas Marias prison. At that time, the "Armory station" was a necessary stop for supplies of water steam locomotives required at the time. His short stay favored anguish and consternation among the stunned villagers who by custom, and satisfied in mass arrivals of trains.

In this environment, Ms. Venturita Ruelas, in life, commented that:

"... it was depressing looking cage wagons, crowded stacked, tied like animals, who, taking their hands begging food or water. I once saw the face of one of the revolutionaries who were taken in a 'sane'. The bloodshot eyes of the beatings, his clothes torn and dirty, his face lacerated. The curious we approached the train, we were away, no courtesy whatsoever, by militias escorting ... "

One of the" strings of prisoners "most studied and most impact on the region was undoubtedly the leader Strike of Cananea, Sonora:

"... its leaders Esteban Baca Calderón, Manuel M. Diéguez, Carlos Guerra, Crisanto L. Diéguez, Paco Ignacio, Jose Lopez, Francisco Ibarra And ... Telésforo Martínez were sentenced to fifteen years imprisonment in the dungeons of San Juan de Ulua, Veracruz. Then, on instructions from the Governor of Sonora, Rafael Izabal, actors in a 'sane' was sent to Guaymas Sonora ... from there by boat ... on land Manzanillo Colima, were driven on foot from the port of Manzanillo to the capital of State ... went through Armory. In fact they take orders well, tied up, barefoot between the sand and sometimes among the pebbles of the difficult path of the coastal region ... After a stop in Colima were taken to the station Tuxpan, Jalisco ... It was January 1907 and in those years did not exist in the State of Colima broad gauge train, which was built ... De Tuxpan were spent in Guadalajara ... Then they would lead to Veracruz Mexico ... and finally ... "

relation to this event, Don Ricardo B. Nunez, in his book "Revolution in Colima," he writes:

"... Mr. Henry 0. De la Madrid, which at the time ruled this state ... I used to go into the reel to realize personally kept the city state ... In that year, 1907, in his morning walk in the vehicle that was pulled by horses, he saw entered the state capital, along the road leading to Manzanillo, a number of Federation soldiers guarding a number of individuals with their hands tied. The president asked the head of the group about why this, identifying himself as the chief magistrate of the state, and then so did you know that those guys were some of the leaders who had led the strike at Cananea, which, by operation the governor of Sonora were sent to San Juan de Ulua prison at that time was used to house the disaffected regime. Had been landed at the port of Colima and had to make the trek on foot to Tuxpan, a place that was rail terminal.

"I think these men will be tired - Enrique told the commander of the troops," I will order them provide beasts so they can get it to where the train. "And it was done. Some years later, when General Manuel M. Diéguez was Provisional Governor of Jalisco, was informed that among the prisoners in the Colorado headquarters of Guadalajara was the Governor of Colima, Enrique 0. De la Madrid, immediately ordered that he be brought before him, telling them to similar words: 'When you were Governor of Colima', ordered that strike my colleagues and I were facilitated horses not to walk on foot to Tuxpan, today, in return I put in absolute freedom. " Great was the surprise he received the former governor with that action, remaining sealed the friendship between the two since that date ... "

in 1924 passed the train station Armory another famous" rope "of prisoners from the city of Guadalajara to the port of Manzanillo. In this convoy moved, nothing less than the proven General Lazaro Cardenas del Rio. On this subject, contextualize:

presidential elections were held in 1923. The candidate Alvaro Obregon was General Plutarco Elias Calles. Other groups supported Don Adolfo de la Huerta. In December of that year, the second faction, took up arms, saying they disagreed with Obregon dedazo for Calles.

Concerning these events, his memoirs, General Lazaro Cardenas we participate:

"... During the rebellion Huerta was appointed by General Obregon, head of a column of cavalry of a thousand men to march to operate Jalisco Michoacan in the rear of the rebel General Enrique Estrada, who was concentrating his forces in Ocotlan, on the banks of the River Lerma - Santiago. In sustained combat Huejotitlán port, Jal. Against the forces General Estrada fell wounded and a prisoner ... "

American writer William Cameron Townsend in his book" Lázaro Cárdenas, Mexican Democrat "he writes.

In 1924: "... General Lazaro Cardenas was captured by his enemies he was transferred as part of a" rope "of prisoners of war - but not bound - in the car-box LN 13050 on 19 February of that year , after losing out in the battle of Teocuitatlán de Corona, Jalisco. Some of his friends, like Ladislao Moreno Barreto, tried him in the Armory station, but failed to do so until the Manzanillo ... "

The opinions in consideration, are examples of the many "strings" that only in time of the Revolution, passed through Armory. At a later date, this practice increased during the Cristero movement, but this will be the subject of further studies. In this direction, I summarize: in the collective memory of our ancestors, still remain numerous and poignant anecdotes about these unfortunate events. Pitiful spectacle witnessed for many years as part of their daily life, the little ones, male and female onlookers, shouting "here comes the train" is concentrated in the railroad station. To everyone's surprise, more than one occasion it was a new "cam" or "strings of prisoners."


bibliographic sources consulted: Alarcón

Menchaca, Laura. A Political Biography. Maytorena. Co-publication of the Universidad Iberoamericana and the Colleges of Jalisco. 1996.

B. Núñez, Ricardo. The revolution in the state of Colima. Editing Board of the National Institute of Historical Studies, an advisory body to the Ministry of Interior. Mexico, DF 1973. Brust

Victorino, Carlos Elio. Manzanillo: its history, toponymy, politics, society and culture. University of Colima. 1993.

Calderon Aragon, Georgina. Construction and reconstruction of the disaster. Editorial Plaza y Valdés, SA de CV Mexico, DF 2001.

Cameron Townsend, William. Lazaro Cardenas, Mexican Democrat. English translation by Editorial Grijalbo, 1954, page 380.

Casasola, Gustavo. "Graphic History of the Mexican Revolution." V Tomos. Editing Casasola. Mexico, DF 1970.

Cárdenas, Lázaro. Page book, published 1443 by the Centro de Estudios de la Revolución Mexicana "Lazaro Cárdenas. Notes. A Selection.."

1973 Dictionary of the Royal Academy English Language. Larousse Editorial. 1985 edition. Dictionary

Espasa-Calpe. 2006 Edition.

Dublán Manuel and Lozano, José María. Legislation issued since the independence of the Republic. Http://www.biblioweb.dgsca.unam.mx/dublanylozano/


Wikipedia Encyclopedia.
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebeli% C3% B3n_delahuertista

Galindo, Miguel. Colorful history of Colima. Edition of the University of Colima. 2005.

Gómez González, Rosa María. Habits, customs, rules and regulations in colonial society: 1759 -1794. Thesis in History. UAM-Iztapalapa. I996.

Hu-DeHart, Evelyn. Peasant revolt in the Northwest: The Yaqui Indians. Compilation Kats, Friedrich. Revolt, Rebellion, and Revolution. Rural struggle in Mexico from the sixteenth to the twentieth century. Editorial Era. Mexico City, Second Edition. 2004.

Bullé-Goyri Martínez, Víctor Manuel. Human Rights Developments in Mexico in the twentieth century. Editorial UNAM. Mexico, DF 1998. Ross

Neteller, Margarita Rosa. Memory Colima time. University of Colima. 1996.

Serrano Álvarez, Pablo. Farms and ranches of Colima. Origin, heyday and decline. Websites:
http://members.fortunecity.es/drserrano/pages/libros/Libr001a.htm # armeria Http://members.fortunecity.es/drserrano/pages/libros/Libr001a.htm
http://members.fortunecity.es/drserrano/pages/libros/Libr001a.htm # # Periquillo
armeria

Turner, John Kenneth . Barbarous Mexico. B. Costa-Amic. Editor. Mexico, DF, 1978. Velázquez

Andrade, Manuel. Recollections of Colima. University of Colima. Third Edition. Colima, Col. 2006.

How Many Minutes Do We Gain Each Day

In memory of Juan Manuel Covarrubias Leyva

Michel Miguel Chavez speech at the funeral of Juan Manuel Covarrubias
Leyva, former President
Armory Municipal, State of Colima. Mexico.

In antiquity, the Greeks believed that if it rained, when the children of the country died, it was a providential sign, for the Gods of Olympus, in the waters that symbolize life, we sent their congratulations to the mother land, erect, received in her lap the dead body of people by far, had served with honor, vital time. (Words spoken in reference to it was raining).

very respectable turnout.

thanking Mr. President Municipal use of voice, in his person, with the coming of the Covarrubias family friends Leyva, we express our gratitude to the kindness of the Honorable City Council for its initiative in organizing this ceremony.

Similarly, our solidarity and affection, testimónianos families Mendez Covarrubias Covarrubias Leyva and his amiable acquiescence, to honor with this fitting tribute, the life and work of our mutual friend Juan Manuel Covarrubias Leyva. Relatives and friends

all.

OK, loss of life, productive middle age is not easy. Questions about this particular, often make it difficult to answer, though, it teaches us daily that our passage through this region is of cycles, and we must get used to that earthly life is a gift only passenger, in which only have an opportunity to transcend through our works.

In this situation, for voice, by the capital letter esteem and affection, solidarity, as in life, I teamed up with Juan Manuel, as well as painful, it is profoundly difficult to express my ideas wisely my feelings and thus honor the life and work of our esteemed and always well remembered friend Juan Manuel Covarrubias Leyva.

Due to the closeness with his family many years ago, I met Juan Manuel as a child, restless, playful, respectful, but always reserved in the Treaty, particularly that identified him all his life. In his youth, he was part of the volleyball and basketball teams that represent our people in state and national competitions.

His life and works were the product de la cultura del esfuerzo. En efecto, al concluir su educación secundaria tuvo que salir del pueblo para estudiar en la Escuela Normal de Ciudad Guzmán. Al culminar su carrera profesional, fue comisionado, para cumplir con su labor docente, en el Municipio de Tomatlán, Jalisco. De regreso a su amada tierra, y en respuesta a su permanente deseo de superación, concluyó la carrera de derecho en la Universidad de Colima.

En vida, Juan Manuel Covarrubias Leyva, además de incondicional, sincero y leal con sus amigos, fue maestro por vocación, abogado por formación, deportista de por vida y servidor público por convicción. No fumaba, no tomaba, no se desvelaba y fue muy exigente en sus hábitos alimenticios. Por ello, no me explico, porque, se nos adelanta en el camino, para rendir tributo a la tierra en la que nació y a la que sirvió con pasión.

En este orden de ideas, convencido estoy, que la vida es un torbellino tan impredecible como inimaginable que en ocasiones nos lleva por senderos excepcionales y, cierto estoy, que lo único que no cambia, es el pasado, en donde no existe el hubiera. Por ello, hasta cierto punto, me siento culpable, de las angustias que en su vida pública tuvo que enfrentar Juan Manuel y su familia.

Sí amigos míos.

Con la certeza de no separarme un ápice de la encomienda recibida, consiéntaseme hablar en primera persona.

Cuando el people gave me their trust to coordinate their efforts, profile wise, quiet, discreet and conciliatory, Juan Manuel asked me help in the Directorate of Public Security and more words, fewer words, remember that I said "Boss, I'm teacher and me, politics does not concern me. " (In his daily dealings, so I said: "Chief"). After then, I had to resort to the good offices of Professor Ruben Tinoco and his fellow student and lifelong friend, my friend Ruben Velez to convince and I'm certain, like everyone has, it was a good Director of Public Safety .

Thus, with the light and experience Ruben Tinoco teachers' acanthus and Drusus Petra Alfonso Escalante, more, the willing and thoughtful contribution to the then young Ruben Velez, Rosie Perez, Carlos Cruz, Delia Gomez, J. Jesus Perez, Luis Manuel Jaramillo and Ricardo Gil Trujillo, with the intention to work Armory, we assemble a great team, again a great team, where the average age was 26 years. And we all became clear, that this management team completed its 31 December 1991.

diligent in his times and circumstances, for his perseverance and work, with its own light, most of these young men have held the most honorable of charges can aspire to a citizen armeritense and voice, respectful of the times and circumstances, always, without losing the friendship, discretion, Armory, I've kept a safe distance.

In this context, Juan Manuel, like other young people in comment, did their duty. Indeed, humility is gained the respect of law enforcement officers and the confidence of society in general, allowing him to repeat in the subsequent administration charge.

The Policy Institute of his closest friends, my party, headed the Municipal Committee where he expanded his circle of friends to reach the city hall, where also far, he turned to his people. In all neighborhoods and communities, though small, there are works that perpetuate their memory.

For just one example, repaired the drainage of the downtown area, which had not been maintained since its construction in the administration of Rosa María Macías Spirit. In the main garden, built ramps for the handicapped friends, thus initiating a new culture of respect for our brothers and sisters with disabilities. As a good sportsman, rehabilitated the sports, placed ceilings and floors in the Auditorium Professor Ruben Tinoco Alcántar and built, for the pride of Armory, the Casa de la Cultura.

In their quest for our spa tourism projects in Cuyutlán, arranged with the then governor Silverio Cavazos paving the main road, construction of the kiosks and the refurbishment of its pier, who today cast new urban physiognomy most traditional resort in the west of the Republic.

political campaign in the past, I know, that he asked the then candidate for Governor Mario Moreno Anguiano included in the agenda of the one hundred works, the gates of paradise spa and rehabilitation of national highway in the stretch of Nezahualcoyotl and Cuauhtémoc avenues. So how, the restoration of central medians Avenida Manuel Alvarez of this city. For your satisfaction, carefully, from inside his home in privacy, rejoiced at the opening of these important works.

memories In this framework, those who had the fortune to share feelings, friendships and experiences, learn about the anxieties enlarge Juan Manuel was primarily, if not enough local resources to provide timely responses to the just demands of society . Tensions and concerns in more than one occasion broke their health.

In this vein, synthesized, Juan Manuel Covarrubias Leyva, weighted for the few and misunderstood by many, was an exceptional human being, honest public service, talented in their daily lives, working in their responsibilities, in short, was a man of great worth.

In Armory, with strengths and weaknesses, we all know, no one can fool anybody. Therefore, the people's knowledge, that Juan Manuel never got rich under the public service. Consequently, his life and work, in these moments of pain, should serve as a strength and example. His legacy is far superior to those, so vilified.

Yes my friends, in this time of grief, we must make a stop on the way to reflect on the importance of unit, as the only viable strategy to work for the greatness of Armory. On more than one occasion, I said, and today, again I repeat, in Armory, with different names and different names, are one big family. When no blood ties, or are godparents or godchildren or we are compadres, in short, we are one big family. Therefore, I insist, it is time to eliminate rancor, it's time to lower shields, color they are, and just keep upright the only banner that unites us, the flag Armory.

Therefore, in recognition of his tireless work, the tenacity of their efforts, the brightness of his intelligence, perseverance of their aspirations and moral value of their actions, here and now, to share with your family this fitting tribute, we assume the public commitment to continue its proven example.

Before concluding, we express our gratitude to the solidarity of our fellow citizens who are active in other parties other than Juan Manuel, who with great respect, they accompany us in our pain.

the foregoing, in the aspect of this significance, with the honorable representation of the Honorable Constitutional City Armory, the former mayor colleagues and friends of Juan Manuel, with respect to his wife Martha, his children, his aunt (who always respected her second mother, his brothers and sisters, their sisters and brothers, nephews and other relatives here and now, we endorse our greater solidarity and friendship point. Family

Covarrubias Juan Manuel Leyva, feel deeply proud of the life and work of her husband, father and brother. Pride that we also share. Rest in peace

our colleague and friend Juan Manuel Covarrubias Leyva.

you soon my friend.



Armory, Col. Sept. 18, 2010.

chavezmichel@gmail.com
chavezmichel@hotmail.com